On a daily basis, online platforms utilize a variety of mechanisms that allow them to shape a favorable legal environment in Poland. Their activities focus primarily on two aspects: flexible employment arrangements and minimizing business costs. These primarily include taxes and social security, but also various obligations that result in increased costs.<\/p>\n
Today, we present 5 ways in which platforms influence legislation in their favor in Poland:<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. Lobbying and Engagement in Public Consultations<\/strong> 2. Creating and participating in industry organizations<\/strong> 3. Using the argument of negative economic and social consequences in public communication<\/strong> 4. Sponsoring Research and Expert Reports<\/strong> 5. Image Pressure and Public Campaigns<\/strong>
\nThis primarily involves participating in legislative processes at the government and (later) parliamentary levels. They submit official comments on draft laws (e.g., during the implementation of the EU Platform Work Directive) and collaborate with specialized lobbying agencies, thereby directly reaching those responsible for lawmaking.<\/p>\n
\nBy suggesting they speak on behalf of a group (community), they have greater influence. In Poland, they organize themselves into organizations (e.g., the Lewiatan Digital Union). Emphasizing that they represent the entire industry, not the interests of a single company, gives their demands greater legitimacy in the eyes of the government and the public.<\/p>\n
\nIn discussions with the government, platforms often use narratives about “market freezing,” “increasing consumer prices,” and “reducing budget revenues.” They argue that imposing rigid regulations (e.g., full-time positions for delivery workers and drivers) will lead to mass layoffs, impact students or migrants seeking flexible income, and drastically increase the cost of services for millions of people living in Poland.<\/p>\n
\nPlatforms commission think tanks, research institutes, or universities to prepare economic analyses. These reports typically demonstrate the positive impact of the platform economy on GDP and the labor market. The completed data and statistics are then presented to MPs and ministries as “independent scientific evidence” supporting flexible regulations. Sometimes, these same analyses are commissioned to small foreign entities, which are then presented as having been prepared by, for example, US experts.<\/p>\n
\nPlatforms mobilize their users, Drivers, and Suppliers to exert pressure on the authorities. They can do this by sending in-app messages (e.g., encouraging people to sign petitions against new taxes) or organizing media debates. Fear of dissatisfaction among a large group of voters (platform customers and employees) often prevents politicians from implementing radical legal changes.<\/p>\n
\nAnd also:
\nTHERE ARE 4 MONTHS AND 5 DAYS LEFT TO IMPLEMENT THE PLATFORM WORK DIRECTIVE.<\/p>\n","protected":false,"raw":"\r\nOn a daily basis, online platforms utilize a variety of mechanisms that allow them to shape a favorable legal environment in Poland. Their activities focus primarily on two aspects: flexible employment arrangements and minimizing business costs. These primarily include taxes and social security, but also various obligations that result in increased costs.\r\n\r\nToday, we present 5 ways in which platforms influence legislation in their favor in Poland:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n1. Lobbying and Engagement in Public Consultations<\/strong>\r\nThis primarily involves participating in legislative processes at the government and (later) parliamentary levels. They submit official comments on draft laws (e.g., during the implementation of the EU Platform Work Directive) and collaborate with specialized lobbying agencies, thereby directly reaching those responsible for lawmaking.\r\n\r\n2. Creating and participating in industry organizations<\/strong>\r\nBy suggesting they speak on behalf of a group (community), they have greater influence. In Poland, they organize themselves into organizations (e.g., the Lewiatan Digital Union). Emphasizing that they represent the entire industry, not the interests of a single company, gives their demands greater legitimacy in the eyes of the government and the public.\r\n\r\n3. Using the argument of negative economic and social consequences in public communication<\/strong>\r\nIn discussions with the government, platforms often use narratives about \"market freezing,\" \"increasing consumer prices,\" and \"reducing budget revenues.\" They argue that imposing rigid regulations (e.g., full-time positions for delivery workers and drivers) will lead to mass layoffs, impact students or migrants seeking flexible income, and drastically increase the cost of services for millions of people living in Poland.\r\n\r\n4. Sponsoring Research and Expert Reports<\/strong>\r\nPlatforms commission think tanks, research institutes, or universities to prepare economic analyses. These reports typically demonstrate the positive impact of the platform economy on GDP and the labor market. The completed data and statistics are then presented to MPs and ministries as \"independent scientific evidence\" supporting flexible regulations. Sometimes, these same analyses are commissioned to small foreign entities, which are then presented as having been prepared by, for example, US experts.\r\n\r\n5. Image Pressure and Public Campaigns<\/strong>\r\nPlatforms mobilize their users, Drivers, and Suppliers to exert pressure on the authorities. They can do this by sending in-app messages (e.g., encouraging people to sign petitions against new taxes) or organizing media debates. Fear of dissatisfaction among a large group of voters (platform customers and employees) often prevents politicians from implementing radical legal changes.\r\n\r\n
\r\nAnd also:\r\nTHERE ARE 4 MONTHS AND 5 DAYS LEFT TO IMPLEMENT THE PLATFORM WORK DIRECTIVE."},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false,"raw":""},"author":1,"featured_media":3071,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_pl_post_content":"Platformy Internetowe na codzie\u0144 wykorzystuj\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cnorodne mechanizmy, kt\u00f3re pozwalaj\u0105 im kszta\u0142towa\u0107 przyjazne dla siebie otoczenie prawne w Polsce. Dzia\u0142ania, kt\u00f3re podejmuj\u0105 skupiaj\u0105 si\u0119 g\u0142\u00f3wnie na dw\u00f3ch aspektach: elastyczno\u015b\u0107 form zatrudnienia oraz minimalizacja koszt\u00f3w prowadzenia dzia\u0142alno\u015bci. S\u0105 to przede wszystkim podatki oraz ubezpieczenia spo\u0142eczne, ale tak\u017ce r\u00f3\u017cnorakie obowi\u0105zki, kt\u00f3re powoduj\u0105 zwi\u0119kszone koszty.\r\n\r\nDzi\u015b prezentujemy 5 sposob\u00f3w, w jakie Platformy wp\u0142ywaj\u0105 na korzystn\u0105 dla siebie legislacj\u0119 w Polsce:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n1. Lobbying i zaanga\u017cowanie w konsultacje spo\u0142eczne<\/strong>\r\nTo przede wszystkim uczestnictwo w procesach legislacyjnych ju\u017c na etapie rz\u0105dowym oraz (p\u00f3\u017aniej) parlamentarnym. Zg\u0142aszaj\u0105 oficjalne uwagi do projekt\u00f3w ustaw (np. przy wdra\u017caniu unijnej Dyrektywy o Pracy Platformowej) oraz wsp\u00f3\u0142pracuj\u0105 z wyspecjalizowanymi agencjami lobbingowymi, dzi\u0119ki czemu docieraj\u0105 bezpo\u015brednio do os\u00f3b odpowiedzialnych za tworzenia prawa. \r\n\r\n2. Tworzenie i cz\u0142onkostwo w organizacjach bran\u017cowych<\/strong>\r\nSugeruj\u0105c, \u017ce przemawiaj\u0105 w imieniu grupy (spo\u0142eczno\u015bci), maj\u0105 wi\u0119ksz\u0105 si\u0142\u0119 przebicia. W Polsce zrzeszaj\u0105 si\u0119 w organizacjach (np. takich jak Zwi\u0105zek Cyfrowy Lewiatan). Podkre\u015blanie, \u017ce reprezentuj\u0105 ca\u0142\u0105 bran\u017c\u0119, a nie interes jednej firmy, nadaje ich postulatom wi\u0119ksz\u0105 legitymizacj\u0119 w oczach rz\u0105du oraz opinii publicznej.\r\n\r\n3. Wykorzystywanie w komunikacji publicznej argumentu negatywnych konsekwencji ekonomicznych i spo\u0142ecznych <\/strong>\r\nW dyskusjach z rz\u0105dem Platformy cz\u0119sto u\u017cywaj\u0105 narracji o \"zamra\u017caniu rynku\u201d, \"wzro\u015bcie cen dla konsument\u00f3w\u201d, \u201cobni\u017ceniu dochod\u00f3w bud\u017cetowych\u201d. Argumentuj\u0105, \u017ce narzucenie sztywnych przepis\u00f3w (np. etat\u00f3w dla Dostawc\u00f3w i Kierowc\u00f3w) doprowadzi do masowych zwolnie\u0144, uderzy w student\u00f3w lub migrant\u00f3w szukaj\u0105cych elastycznego zarobku i drastycznie podniesie koszty us\u0142ug dla milion\u00f3w os\u00f3b mieszkaj\u0105cych w Polsce.\r\n\r\n4. Sponsoring bada\u0144 i raport\u00f3w eksperckich<\/strong>\r\nPlatformy zlecaj\u0105 think-tankom, instytutom badawczym lub uczelniom przygotowanie analiz ekonomicznych. Raporty te zazwyczaj wykazuj\u0105 pozytywny wp\u0142yw gospodarki platformowej na PKB i rynek pracy. Gotowe dane i statystyki s\u0105 nast\u0119pnie przedstawiane pos\u0142om i ministerstwom jako \"niezale\u017cne dowody naukowe\" popieraj\u0105ce elastyczne regulacje. Czasem takie same analizy s\u0105 zlecane niewielkim podmiotom zagranicznym, kt\u00f3re p\u00f3\u017aniej s\u0105 przedstawiane jako przygotowane przez np. ekspert\u00f3w z USA.\r\n\r\n5. Presja wizerunkowa i kampanie publiczne <\/strong>\r\nPlatformy mobilizuj\u0105 swoich u\u017cytkownik\u00f3w oraz Kierowc\u00f3w czy Dostawc\u00f3w do wywierania nacisku na w\u0142adze. Mog\u0105 to robi\u0107 poprzez wysy\u0142anie komunikat\u00f3w w aplikacjach (np. zach\u0119caj\u0105cych do podpisania petycji przeciwko nowym podatkom) lub organizowanie debat medialnych. Obawa przed niezadowoleniem du\u017cej grupy wyborc\u00f3w (klient\u00f3w i pracownik\u00f3w Platform) cz\u0119sto powstrzymuje polityk\u00f3w przed wprowadzaniem radykalnych zmian prawnych.\r\n\r\n
\r\nA poza tym:\r\nNA WDRO\u017bENIE DYREKTYWY O PRACY PLATFORMOWEJ ZOSTA\u0141O 4 MIESI\u0104CE I 5 DNI.\r\n\r\n","_pl_post_name":"jak-platformy-wplywaja-na-tworzenie-prawa","_pl_post_excerpt":"","_pl_post_title":"JAK PLATFORMY WP\u0141YWAJ\u0104 NA TWORZENIE PRAWA?","_en_post_content":"\r\nOn a daily basis, online platforms utilize a variety of mechanisms that allow them to shape a favorable legal environment in Poland. Their activities focus primarily on two aspects: flexible employment arrangements and minimizing business costs. These primarily include taxes and social security, but also various obligations that result in increased costs.\r\n\r\nToday, we present 5 ways in which platforms influence legislation in their favor in Poland:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n1. Lobbying and Engagement in Public Consultations<\/strong>\r\nThis primarily involves participating in legislative processes at the government and (later) parliamentary levels. They submit official comments on draft laws (e.g., during the implementation of the EU Platform Work Directive) and collaborate with specialized lobbying agencies, thereby directly reaching those responsible for lawmaking.\r\n\r\n2. Creating and participating in industry organizations<\/strong>\r\nBy suggesting they speak on behalf of a group (community), they have greater influence. In Poland, they organize themselves into organizations (e.g., the Lewiatan Digital Union). Emphasizing that they represent the entire industry, not the interests of a single company, gives their demands greater legitimacy in the eyes of the government and the public.\r\n\r\n3. Using the argument of negative economic and social consequences in public communication<\/strong>\r\nIn discussions with the government, platforms often use narratives about \"market freezing,\" \"increasing consumer prices,\" and \"reducing budget revenues.\" They argue that imposing rigid regulations (e.g., full-time positions for delivery workers and drivers) will lead to mass layoffs, impact students or migrants seeking flexible income, and drastically increase the cost of services for millions of people living in Poland.\r\n\r\n4. Sponsoring Research and Expert Reports<\/strong>\r\nPlatforms commission think tanks, research institutes, or universities to prepare economic analyses. These reports typically demonstrate the positive impact of the platform economy on GDP and the labor market. The completed data and statistics are then presented to MPs and ministries as \"independent scientific evidence\" supporting flexible regulations. Sometimes, these same analyses are commissioned to small foreign entities, which are then presented as having been prepared by, for example, US experts.\r\n\r\n5. Image Pressure and Public Campaigns<\/strong>\r\nPlatforms mobilize their users, Drivers, and Suppliers to exert pressure on the authorities. They can do this by sending in-app messages (e.g., encouraging people to sign petitions against new taxes) or organizing media debates. Fear of dissatisfaction among a large group of voters (platform customers and employees) often prevents politicians from implementing radical legal changes.\r\n\r\n
\r\nAnd also:\r\nTHERE ARE 4 MONTHS AND 5 DAYS LEFT TO IMPLEMENT THE PLATFORM WORK DIRECTIVE.","_en_post_name":"how-do-platforms-influence-lawmaking","_en_post_excerpt":"","_en_post_title":"HOW DO PLATFORMS INFLUENCE LAWMAKING?","_ru_post_content":"\u0415\u0436\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0432\u043d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d-\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u043f\u0440\u0438\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0443\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443 \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435. \u0418\u0445 \u0434\u0435\u044f\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0432 \u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0443\u0445 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u0445: \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0435\u043a \u0431\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0430. \u041a \u043d\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0435 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435, \u0430 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043a \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0442.\r\n\r\n\u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c 5 \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u044e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443 \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435:<\/strong>\r\n\r\n1. \u041b\u043e\u0431\u0431\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445<\/strong>\r\n\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0443\u044e \u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u044c \u0432\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0445 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0438 (\u043f\u043e\u0437\u0436\u0435) \u043f\u0430\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u044f\u0445. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0438 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0432 \u0445\u043e\u0434\u0435 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0414\u0438\u0440\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u0415\u0421 \u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c) \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u0431\u0431\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0430\u043c\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0445, \u043a\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0442\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e.\r\n\r\n2. \u0421\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u0445<\/strong>\r\n\u041f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442 \u0438\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u044b (\u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430), \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435. \u0412 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u00ab\u0426\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437 \u041b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0430\u00bb). \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044f, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0432\u0441\u044e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u044c, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u044b \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438, \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0443\u044e \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.\r\n\r\n3. \u0418\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0430\u0440\u0433\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 \u043e \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438<\/strong>\r\n\u0412 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043a\u0443\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f\u0445 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043e \u00ab\u0437\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430\u00bb, \u00ab\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u00bb \u0438 \u00ab\u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0431\u044e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432\u00bb. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0443\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439) \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043a \u043c\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0443\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0449\u0443\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0445\u043e\u0434, \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0437\u043a\u043e \u0443\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0442 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435.\r\n\r\n4. \u0421\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/strong>\r\n\u041f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0443 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432. \u042d\u0442\u0438 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e, \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043b\u0438\u044f\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0412\u0412\u041f \u0438 \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043e\u043a \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u043c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430\u00bb, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0434\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0433\u0438\u0431\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0418\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0430\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0438\u043c \u0438\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f\u043c, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438.\r\n\r\n5. \u0418\u043c\u0438\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438<\/strong>\r\n\u041f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u0433\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u0442\u044c \u044d\u0442\u043e, \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u044b\u043b\u0430\u044f \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\u0445 (\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043f\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438\u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 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