{"id":1330,"date":"2024-12-17T10:00:32","date_gmt":"2024-12-17T09:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zentrale.pl\/?p=1330"},"modified":"2024-12-16T19:47:26","modified_gmt":"2024-12-16T18:47:26","slug":"platform-ranking-in-poland-talking-with-the-authors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zentrale.pl\/en\/platform-ranking-in-poland-talking-with-the-authors\/","title":{"rendered":"PLATFORM RANKING IN POLAND - TALKING WITH THE AUTHORS","raw":"PLATFORM RANKING IN POLAND - TALKING WITH THE AUTHORS"},"content":{"rendered":"

A week after the publication in the Platform Ranking in Poland, we publish a short interview with Karol Muszy\u0144ski and Zuzanna Kowalik. They, as part of the Fairwork project, and in cooperation with many other people, prepared this Ranking.<\/em><\/p>\n

Thank you for finding time for us. Tell us, when was your report created? In what period?<\/strong><\/p>\n

We collected interviews with people providing work from October 2023 to June 2024. We wrote the report during the 2024 summer holidays, and then internal work was carried out within the project (the process of assessing platforms by experts from the Fairwork network, reviews, etc.). In the meantime, the process of exchanging information with platforms was underway.<\/p>\n

And why did you consider Uber and UberEats to be separate platforms? After all, Bolt also provides various services (deliveries and transport).<\/strong>
\nFor two reasons. Firstly, Uber and Uber Eats have separate consumer applications – the aim of Fairwork is, among other things, to inform consumers about how services are provided to them. Secondly, although the applications work with the same app from the perspective of a person providing work, there are slightly different requirements for people providing work on these platforms (which is related to, for example, Lex Uber, the requirement to have a driving license, car insurance, etc.). In the case of Bolt, we spoke only to people working in passenger transport, and in the case of Uber, both people working in passenger transport (“regular” Uber) and food delivery (Uber Eats).<\/p>\n

We admit that the results surprised us a bit. Pyszne.pl received almost all possible points. But what do the ratings of four platforms (Bolt, Freenow, Uber, UberEats) presented as a line mean?<\/strong>
\nThis means that in the case of these platforms, we found no evidence that they meet any of our fair work criteria.<\/p>\n

In the report, you clearly indicate that 1\/5 people work without any contract: neither an employment contract nor a contract of mandate, not even a lease agreement. How is this possible? What is not working here?
\n<\/strong>Many fleet partners simply settle accounts with drivers and couriers “under the table”. Such a situation can occur even in a situation where theoretically verification of drivers’ identity is mandatory, for example by sharing accounts (so-called account sharing).<\/p>\n

Well, yes, but we are more interested in the question: since this is publicly available knowledge, why does the State apparatus not intervene? Of course, individual offices declare: but it is legal. Because, for example, lease agreements are legal. But they are stretching the law to the point of absurdity. So maybe the State allows it because there is a lack of political will? Or maybe because Suppliers are such a marginalized social group that they do not have the power to force the State to intervene? What do you think about this?<\/strong>
\nThis is a fairly typical story of the Polish labor market, where certain phenomena on the border of the law are slowly becoming normalized, until they are finally recognized as legal. This is a specifically “Polish” form of actual liberalization of employment regulations, which is not so much through formal changes, but through allowing actions that actually bend the law. A similar phenomenon occurred a dozen or so years ago with regard to contracts for services. At first, their use was controversial – PIP and the courts still somehow reacted. Year after year, these practices became increasingly accepted, until finally completely allowed – today, contracts for services are in fact a full-fledged alternative to employment contracts. Today, a similar thing is happening in platform work with regard to lease agreements replacing contracts for services. There are many reasons – lack of political will to solve the problem, loopholes in the law that allow for looking for such loopholes, weak supervisory authorities. Of course, such allowing violations of the law is much easier when we are talking about a group of employees with a relatively weak position (younger employees, many migrants). In the report, you use the terms \u201cfair pay\u201d, \u201cfair conditions\u201d, \u201cfairness in management\u201d. What do you mean by the word \u201cfair\u201d? Platforms, despite treating couriers and drivers as independent contractors, are areas of quite an \u201cuneven\u201d game. We understand fairness as the use by platforms of mechanisms that equalize the significant difference in position between the courier\/driver and the platform. The assumption of the Fairwork criteria is that the principles of fair work should be implemented regardless of the legal status of the person performing the work.<\/p>\n

That is, in your opinion, is it possible to build such an Employer-Employee relationship in work managed by an Algorithm that the latter has some room to maneuver? That, for example, they can negotiate wages or a contract?
\n<\/strong>“Algorithms” are very often a convenient explanation for hiding the processes of ordinary management and decision-making by employers who justify themselves with new technologies. There is no real reason why employees logged into the platform and available to work were not paid, for example, the minimum hourly rate or provided with full protection under health and safety regulations.<\/p>\n

And have you researched how much people earn and how many hours they work?
\n<\/strong>We asked people about their earnings and working hours, but our study is constructed in such a way that we are not able to calculate, for example, average earnings or average working hours. This is due to the fact that we spoke to 6-10 respondents on each platform, and the aim of our study was to understand the working standards prevailing within a given platform, not to calculate average earnings or average working hours (which would require a much larger sample and a different type of study).<\/p>\n

Well, yes, with such a small group, it is difficult to maintain representativeness. We ask about this because in our opinion, the introduction of pro-employee legal solutions alone will not change much. Take a look: Glovo currently offers a rate of PLN 6 per hour (see the Statement of the Employee Initiative of Couriers on negotiations with Glovo), Uber offers a rate of around PLN 12 per hour (the latest entry dostawca-jedzenia.pl). And it seems to us that no one notices this. This dramatically low level of wages. Or maybe we are wrong? What do you think about it?
\n<\/strong>The role of politicians and regulators is to ensure that platforms comply with minimum standards, such as at least a minimum hourly rate, which is much higher than the rates you are describing. In addition to the minimum standards, there are also standards expected by couriers and drivers. And this is where the issue of self-organization of people working on platforms comes into play, related to the possibility of unionization, which is currently difficult due to the fleet partner system. Putting pressure on platforms by couriers and drivers would be easier if platforms had to enter into contracts directly with them.<\/p>\n

Thank you again for your time, and for preparing the Report<\/strong><\/p>\n

\n

You can find the entire report here<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false,"raw":"A week after the publication in the Platform Ranking in Poland, we publish a short interview with Karol Muszy\u0144ski and Zuzanna Kowalik. They, as part of the Fairwork project, and in cooperation with many other people, prepared this Ranking.<\/em>\r\n\r\nThank you for finding time for us. Tell us, when was your report created? In what period?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWe collected interviews with people providing work from October 2023 to June 2024. We wrote the report during the 2024 summer holidays, and then internal work was carried out within the project (the process of assessing platforms by experts from the Fairwork network, reviews, etc.). In the meantime, the process of exchanging information with platforms was underway.\r\n\r\nAnd why did you consider Uber and UberEats to be separate platforms? After all, Bolt also provides various services (deliveries and transport).<\/strong>\r\nFor two reasons. Firstly, Uber and Uber Eats have separate consumer applications - the aim of Fairwork is, among other things, to inform consumers about how services are provided to them. Secondly, although the applications work with the same app from the perspective of a person providing work, there are slightly different requirements for people providing work on these platforms (which is related to, for example, Lex Uber, the requirement to have a driving license, car insurance, etc.). In the case of Bolt, we spoke only to people working in passenger transport, and in the case of Uber, both people working in passenger transport (\"regular\" Uber) and food delivery (Uber Eats).\r\n\r\nWe admit that the results surprised us a bit. Pyszne.pl received almost all possible points. But what do the ratings of four platforms (Bolt, Freenow, Uber, UberEats) presented as a line mean?<\/strong>\r\nThis means that in the case of these platforms, we found no evidence that they meet any of our fair work criteria.\r\n\r\nIn the report, you clearly indicate that 1\/5 people work without any contract: neither an employment contract nor a contract of mandate, not even a lease agreement. How is this possible? What is not working here?\r\n<\/strong>Many fleet partners simply settle accounts with drivers and couriers \"under the table\". Such a situation can occur even in a situation where theoretically verification of drivers' identity is mandatory, for example by sharing accounts (so-called account sharing).\r\n\r\nWell, yes, but we are more interested in the question: since this is publicly available knowledge, why does the State apparatus not intervene? Of course, individual offices declare: but it is legal. Because, for example, lease agreements are legal. But they are stretching the law to the point of absurdity. So maybe the State allows it because there is a lack of political will? Or maybe because Suppliers are such a marginalized social group that they do not have the power to force the State to intervene? What do you think about this?<\/strong>\r\nThis is a fairly typical story of the Polish labor market, where certain phenomena on the border of the law are slowly becoming normalized, until they are finally recognized as legal. This is a specifically \"Polish\" form of actual liberalization of employment regulations, which is not so much through formal changes, but through allowing actions that actually bend the law. A similar phenomenon occurred a dozen or so years ago with regard to contracts for services. At first, their use was controversial - PIP and the courts still somehow reacted. Year after year, these practices became increasingly accepted, until finally completely allowed - today, contracts for services are in fact a full-fledged alternative to employment contracts. Today, a similar thing is happening in platform work with regard to lease agreements replacing contracts for services. There are many reasons - lack of political will to solve the problem, loopholes in the law that allow for looking for such loopholes, weak supervisory authorities. Of course, such allowing violations of the law is much easier when we are talking about a group of employees with a relatively weak position (younger employees, many migrants). In the report, you use the terms \u201cfair pay\u201d, \u201cfair conditions\u201d, \u201cfairness in management\u201d. What do you mean by the word \u201cfair\u201d? Platforms, despite treating couriers and drivers as independent contractors, are areas of quite an \u201cuneven\u201d game. We understand fairness as the use by platforms of mechanisms that equalize the significant difference in position between the courier\/driver and the platform. The assumption of the Fairwork criteria is that the principles of fair work should be implemented regardless of the legal status of the person performing the work.\r\n\r\nThat is, in your opinion, is it possible to build such an Employer-Employee relationship in work managed by an Algorithm that the latter has some room to maneuver? That, for example, they can negotiate wages or a contract?\r\n<\/strong>\"Algorithms\" are very often a convenient explanation for hiding the processes of ordinary management and decision-making by employers who justify themselves with new technologies. There is no real reason why employees logged into the platform and available to work were not paid, for example, the minimum hourly rate or provided with full protection under health and safety regulations.\r\n\r\nAnd have you researched how much people earn and how many hours they work?\r\n<\/strong>We asked people about their earnings and working hours, but our study is constructed in such a way that we are not able to calculate, for example, average earnings or average working hours. This is due to the fact that we spoke to 6-10 respondents on each platform, and the aim of our study was to understand the working standards prevailing within a given platform, not to calculate average earnings or average working hours (which would require a much larger sample and a different type of study).\r\n\r\nWell, yes, with such a small group, it is difficult to maintain representativeness. We ask about this because in our opinion, the introduction of pro-employee legal solutions alone will not change much. Take a look: Glovo currently offers a rate of PLN 6 per hour (see the Statement of the Employee Initiative of Couriers on negotiations with Glovo), Uber offers a rate of around PLN 12 per hour (the latest entry dostawca-jedzenia.pl). And it seems to us that no one notices this. This dramatically low level of wages. Or maybe we are wrong? What do you think about it?\r\n<\/strong>The role of politicians and regulators is to ensure that platforms comply with minimum standards, such as at least a minimum hourly rate, which is much higher than the rates you are describing. In addition to the minimum standards, there are also standards expected by couriers and drivers. And this is where the issue of self-organization of people working on platforms comes into play, related to the possibility of unionization, which is currently difficult due to the fleet partner system. Putting pressure on platforms by couriers and drivers would be easier if platforms had to enter into contracts directly with them.\r\n\r\nThank you again for your time, and for preparing the Report<\/strong>\r\n\r\n

\r\n\r\nYou can find the entire report here<\/a><\/em>"},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false,"raw":""},"author":1,"featured_media":1331,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_pl_post_content":"W tydzie\u0144 po publikacji w Rankingu Platform w Polsce, publikujemy kr\u00f3tk\u0105 rozmow\u0119 z Karolem Muszy\u0144ski i Zuzann\u0105 Kowalik. To oni, w ramach projektu Fairwork, oraz we wsp\u00f3\u0142pracy z wieloma innymi osobami, przygotowali ten Ranking.<\/em>\r\n\r\nDzi\u0119kujemy, \u017ce znale\u017ali\u015bcie dla nas czas. Powiedzcie, kiedy powstawa\u0142 Wasz raport? W jakim okresie?<\/strong>\r\nWywiady z osobami \u015bwiadcz\u0105cymi prac\u0119 zbierali\u015bmy od pa\u017adziernika 2023 r. do czerwca 2024 r. Raport pisali\u015bmy przez wakacje 2024, a potem trwa\u0142y prace wewn\u0119trzne w obr\u0119bie projektu (proces oceny platform przez ekspert\u00f3w i ekspertki z sieci Fairwork, recenzje itd). W mi\u0119dzyczasie trwa\u0142 proces wymiany informacji z platformami.\r\n\r\nA dlaczego uznaliscie ze Uber i UberEats to osobne platformy? Przeciez Bolt te\u017c swiadczy r\u00f3\u017cne us\u0142ugi (dostawy i przewozy)?<\/strong>\r\nZ dw\u00f3ch powod\u00f3w. Po pierwsze, Uber i Uber Eats maj\u0105 osobne aplikacje konsumenckie - celem Fairwork jest m.in. informowanie konsument\u00f3w co do tego, w jaki spos\u00f3b s\u0105 \u015bwiadczone dla nich us\u0142ugi. Po drugie, cho\u0107 aplikacje dzia\u0142aj\u0105 z t\u0105 sam\u0105 apk\u0105 z perspektywy osoby \u015bwiadcz\u0105cej prac\u0119, to obowi\u0105zuj\u0105 jednak nieco inne wymogi dla os\u00f3b \u015bwiadcz\u0105cych prac\u0119 na tych platformach (co jest zwi\u0105zane np. z Lex Uber, wymogiem posiadania prawa jazdy, ubezpieczenia samochodu itd). W przypadku Bolta rozmawiali\u015bmy wy\u0142\u0105cznie z osobami pracuj\u0105cymi w przewozach os\u00f3b, a w przypadku Ubera zar\u00f3wno z osobami pracuj\u0105cymi w przewozie os\u00f3b (\"zwyk\u0142y\" Uber), jak i dowozie jedzenia (Uber Eats).\r\n\r\nPrzyznajemy, \u017ce wyniki nieco nas zaskoczy\u0142y. Pyszne.pl dosta\u0142o prawie wszystkie mo\u017cliwe punkty. Ale co oznaczaj\u0105 oceny czterech platform (Bolt, Freenow, Uber, UberEats) prezentowane jako kreska?<\/strong>\r\nOznacza to, \u017ce w przypadku tych platform nie znale\u017ali\u015bmy dowod\u00f3w na to, \u017ce spe\u0142niaj\u0105 kt\u00f3rekolwiek z naszych kryteri\u00f3w uczciwej pracy.\r\n\r\nW raporcie wyra\u017anie wskazujecie, \u017ce 1\/5 os\u00f3ba pracuje bez jakiejkolwiek umowy: ani umowy o prac\u0119, ani umowy zlecenia, nawet bez umowy najmu. Jak to jest mo\u017cliwe? Co tutaj nie dzia\u0142a?<\/strong>\r\nWielu partner\u00f3w flotowych zwyczajnie rozlicza si\u0119 z kierowcami i kurierami \"pod sto\u0142em\". Taka sytuacja mo\u017ce mie\u0107 miejsce nawet w sytuacji, w kt\u00f3rej teoretycznie obowi\u0105zuje weryfikacja to\u017csamo\u015bci kierowc\u00f3w, na przyk\u0142ad poprzez dzielenie si\u0119 kontami (tzw. account sharing).\r\n\r\nNo tak, ale nam bardziej chodzi o pytanie: skoro jest to wiedza dostepna publicznie, dlaczego aparat Pa\u0144stwa nie interweniuje? Oczywi\u015bcie, poszczeg\u00f3lne urz\u0119dy o\u015bwiadczaj\u0105: ale przeciez to jest legalne. No bo np. umowy wynajmu s\u0105 legalne. Ale s\u0105 przecie\u017c naci\u0105gnieciem prawa do granicy absudru. Mo\u017ce wi\u0119c Pa\u0144stwo na to pozwala, bo jest brak woli politycznej? Albo mo\u017ce dlatego, \u017ce Dostawcy s\u0105 tak zmarginalizowan\u0105 grup\u0105 spo\u0142eczn\u0105, \u017ce nie maj\u0105 si\u0142y, kt\u00f3ra by zmusi\u0142a Pa\u0144stwo do interwencji? Co Wy o tym my\u015blicie?<\/strong>\r\nTo jest do\u015b\u0107 typowa historia polskiego rynku pracy, gdzie pewne zjawiska na granicy prawa powoli si\u0119 normalizuje, a\u017c w ko\u0144cu uznaje si\u0119 je za legalne. To jest specyficznie \"polska\" forma faktycznej liberalizacji regulacji zatrudnienia, kt\u00f3ra odbywa si\u0119 nie tyle poprzez formalne zmiany, co poprzez dopuszczanie dzia\u0142a\u0144 faktycznie naginaj\u0105cych prawo. Podobne zjawisko mia\u0142o miejsce kilkana\u015bcie lat temu w odniesieniu do um\u00f3w zlecenia. Najpierw ich wykorzystywanie by\u0142o kontrowersyjne - PIP i s\u0105dy jeszcze jako\u015b reagowa\u0142y. Rok po roku te praktyki stawa\u0142y si\u0119 coraz bardziej akceptowane, a\u017c w ko\u0144cu ca\u0142kowicie dopuszczone - dzi\u015b umowa zlecenia to faktycznie pe\u0142noprawna alternatywa dla um\u00f3w o prac\u0119. Dzi\u015b podobna rzecz dzieje si\u0119 w pracy platformowej w odniesieniu do um\u00f3w najmu zast\u0119puj\u0105cych umow\u0119 zlecenie. Powod\u00f3w jest bardzo wiele - brak woli politycznej rozwi\u0105zania problemu, dziurawe prawo pozwalaj\u0105ce na szukanie tego typu dziur, s\u0142abe organy nadzoru. Oczywi\u015bcie takie dopuszczanie narusze\u0144 prawa jest du\u017co \u0142atwiejsze, gdy mowa o grupie pracownik\u00f3w o relatywnie s\u0142abej pozycji (m\u0142odsi pracownicy, du\u017co migrant\u00f3w).\r\n\r\nW raporcie u\u017cywacie okre\u015ble\u0144 \u201cuczciwe wynagrodzenie\u201d, \u201cuczciwe warunki\u201d, \u201cuczciwo\u015b\u0107 w sposobie zarz\u0105dzania\u201d. Co macie na my\u015bli u\u017cywaj\u0105c s\u0142owa \u201cuczciwe\u201d?<\/strong>\r\nPlatformy, mimo traktowania kurier\u00f3w i kierowc\u00f3w jako niezale\u017cnych kontraktor\u00f3w, s\u0105 przestrzeniami do\u015b\u0107 \"nier\u00f3wnej\" gry. Uczciwo\u015b\u0107 rozumiemy jako stosowanie przez platform mechanizm\u00f3w wyr\u00f3wnuj\u0105cych znacz\u0105c\u0105 r\u00f3\u017cnic\u0119 pozycji mi\u0119dzy kurierem\/kierowc\u0105 a platform\u0105. Za\u0142o\u017ceniem kryteri\u00f3w Fairwork jest to, \u017ce zasady uczciwej pracy powinny by\u0107 realizowane niezale\u017cnie od tego, jaki jest status prawny osoby \u015bwiadcz\u0105cej prac\u0119.\r\n\r\nCzyli, \u017ce Waszym zdaniem jest mo\u017cliwe w pracy zarz\u0105dzanej przez Algorytm zbudowanie takiej relacji Pracodawca-Pracownik, \u017ce ten drugi (druga) ma jakie\u015b pole manewru? \u017be np. mo\u017ce negocjowa\u0107 p\u0142ace lub kontrakt?<\/strong>\r\n\"Algorytmy\" to bardzo cz\u0119sto wygodne wyja\u015bnienie dla ukrywania proces\u00f3w zwyk\u0142ego zarz\u0105dzania i podejmowania decyzji przez pracodawc\u00f3w, kt\u00f3rzy t\u0142umacz\u0105 si\u0119 nowymi technologiami. Nie ma za bardzo powodu, dla kt\u00f3rych pracownicy zalogowani na platformie i dost\u0119pni do pracy nie mieli p\u0142aconej np. minimalnej stawki godzinowej czy zapewnionej pe\u0142nej ochrony przewidzianej przepisami BHP.\r\n\r\nA czy badali\u015bcie ile ludzie zarabiaj\u0105 i ile godzin pracuj\u0105?<\/strong>\r\nPytali\u015bmy ludzi o zarobki i czas pracy, natomiast nasze badanie jest skonstruowane w taki spos\u00f3b, \u017ce nie jeste\u015bmy w stanie np. obliczy\u0107 \u015brednich zarobk\u00f3w albo \u015bredniego czasu pracy. Wynika to z faktu, \u017ce w obr\u0119bie ka\u017cdej platformy rozmawiali\u015bmy z 6-10 respondentami, a celem naszego badania by\u0142o zrozumienie standard\u00f3w pracy panuj\u0105cych w ramach danej platformy, nie za\u015b liczenie \u015brednich zarobk\u00f3w albo \u015bredniego czasu pracy (co wymaga\u0142oby du\u017co wi\u0119kszej pr\u00f3by i innego rodzaju badania).\r\n\r\nNo tak, przy tak ma\u0142ej grupie, ci\u0119\u017cko o utrzymanie reprezantywno\u015bci. Pytamy o to, bo naszym zdaniem, samo wprowadzenie propracowniczych rozwi\u0105za\u0144 prawnych nie wiele zmieni. Zobaczcie: obecnie Glovo oferuje stawk\u0119 6pln za godzin\u0119 (patrz O\u015bwiadczenie Inicjatywy Pracowniczej Kurier\u00f3w o negocjacjach z Glovo), Uber proponuje stawke w okolicach 12pln\u00a0 za godzin\u0119 (ostatni wpis\u00a0dostawca-jedzenia.pl). I nam si\u0119 wydaje, \u017ce nikt tego nie dostrzega. Tego dramatycznie niskiego poziomu wynagrodze\u0144. A mo\u017ce si\u0119 mylimy? Co Wy o tym s\u0105dzicie?\r\n<\/strong>Rol\u0105 polityk\u00f3w i organ\u00f3w nadzoru jest spowodowanie, \u017ceby na platformach by\u0142y przestrzegane minimalne standardy, takie jak przynajmniej minimalna stawka godzinowa, kt\u00f3ra wynosi znacznie wi\u0119cej ni\u017c stawki, o kt\u00f3rych piszesz. Natomiast pr\u00f3cz minimalnych standard\u00f3w s\u0105 jeszcze standardy oczekiwane przez kurier\u00f3w i kierowc\u00f3w. I tu wchodzi w gr\u0119 kwestia samoorganizacji os\u00f3b \u015bwiadcz\u0105cych prac\u0119 przez platformy zwi\u0105zan\u0105 z mo\u017cliwo\u015bci\u0105 uzwi\u0105zkowienia, kt\u00f3ra jest obecnie utrudniona przez system partner\u00f3w flotowych. Wywieranie nacisku przez kurier\u00f3w i kierowc\u00f3w na platformy by\u0142oby \u0142atwiejsze, gdyby platformy musia\u0142y zawiera\u0107 umowy bezpo\u015brednio z nimi.\r\n\r\nJeszcze raz dziekujemy za czas, no i za przygotowanie Raportu<\/strong>\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\nCa\u0142y Raport do pobrania tutaj<\/a><\/em>","_pl_post_name":"ranking-platform-w-polsce-rozmawiamy-z-autorami","_pl_post_excerpt":"","_pl_post_title":"RANKING PLATFORM W POLSCE - ROZMAWIAMY Z AUTORAMI","_en_post_content":"A week after the publication in the Platform Ranking in Poland, we publish a short interview with Karol Muszy\u0144ski and Zuzanna Kowalik. They, as part of the Fairwork project, and in cooperation with many other people, prepared this Ranking.<\/em>\r\n\r\nThank you for finding time for us. Tell us, when was your report created? In what period?<\/strong>\r\n\r\nWe collected interviews with people providing work from October 2023 to June 2024. We wrote the report during the 2024 summer holidays, and then internal work was carried out within the project (the process of assessing platforms by experts from the Fairwork network, reviews, etc.). In the meantime, the process of exchanging information with platforms was underway.\r\n\r\nAnd why did you consider Uber and UberEats to be separate platforms? After all, Bolt also provides various services (deliveries and transport).<\/strong>\r\nFor two reasons. Firstly, Uber and Uber Eats have separate consumer applications - the aim of Fairwork is, among other things, to inform consumers about how services are provided to them. Secondly, although the applications work with the same app from the perspective of a person providing work, there are slightly different requirements for people providing work on these platforms (which is related to, for example, Lex Uber, the requirement to have a driving license, car insurance, etc.). In the case of Bolt, we spoke only to people working in passenger transport, and in the case of Uber, both people working in passenger transport (\"regular\" Uber) and food delivery (Uber Eats).\r\n\r\nWe admit that the results surprised us a bit. Pyszne.pl received almost all possible points. But what do the ratings of four platforms (Bolt, Freenow, Uber, UberEats) presented as a line mean?<\/strong>\r\nThis means that in the case of these platforms, we found no evidence that they meet any of our fair work criteria.\r\n\r\nIn the report, you clearly indicate that 1\/5 people work without any contract: neither an employment contract nor a contract of mandate, not even a lease agreement. How is this possible? What is not working here?\r\n<\/strong>Many fleet partners simply settle accounts with drivers and couriers \"under the table\". Such a situation can occur even in a situation where theoretically verification of drivers' identity is mandatory, for example by sharing accounts (so-called account sharing).\r\n\r\nWell, yes, but we are more interested in the question: since this is publicly available knowledge, why does the State apparatus not intervene? Of course, individual offices declare: but it is legal. Because, for example, lease agreements are legal. But they are stretching the law to the point of absurdity. So maybe the State allows it because there is a lack of political will? Or maybe because Suppliers are such a marginalized social group that they do not have the power to force the State to intervene? What do you think about this?<\/strong>\r\nThis is a fairly typical story of the Polish labor market, where certain phenomena on the border of the law are slowly becoming normalized, until they are finally recognized as legal. This is a specifically \"Polish\" form of actual liberalization of employment regulations, which is not so much through formal changes, but through allowing actions that actually bend the law. A similar phenomenon occurred a dozen or so years ago with regard to contracts for services. At first, their use was controversial - PIP and the courts still somehow reacted. Year after year, these practices became increasingly accepted, until finally completely allowed - today, contracts for services are in fact a full-fledged alternative to employment contracts. Today, a similar thing is happening in platform work with regard to lease agreements replacing contracts for services. There are many reasons - lack of political will to solve the problem, loopholes in the law that allow for looking for such loopholes, weak supervisory authorities. Of course, such allowing violations of the law is much easier when we are talking about a group of employees with a relatively weak position (younger employees, many migrants). In the report, you use the terms \u201cfair pay\u201d, \u201cfair conditions\u201d, \u201cfairness in management\u201d. What do you mean by the word \u201cfair\u201d? Platforms, despite treating couriers and drivers as independent contractors, are areas of quite an \u201cuneven\u201d game. We understand fairness as the use by platforms of mechanisms that equalize the significant difference in position between the courier\/driver and the platform. The assumption of the Fairwork criteria is that the principles of fair work should be implemented regardless of the legal status of the person performing the work.\r\n\r\nThat is, in your opinion, is it possible to build such an Employer-Employee relationship in work managed by an Algorithm that the latter has some room to maneuver? That, for example, they can negotiate wages or a contract?\r\n<\/strong>\"Algorithms\" are very often a convenient explanation for hiding the processes of ordinary management and decision-making by employers who justify themselves with new technologies. There is no real reason why employees logged into the platform and available to work were not paid, for example, the minimum hourly rate or provided with full protection under health and safety regulations.\r\n\r\nAnd have you researched how much people earn and how many hours they work?\r\n<\/strong>We asked people about their earnings and working hours, but our study is constructed in such a way that we are not able to calculate, for example, average earnings or average working hours. This is due to the fact that we spoke to 6-10 respondents on each platform, and the aim of our study was to understand the working standards prevailing within a given platform, not to calculate average earnings or average working hours (which would require a much larger sample and a different type of study).\r\n\r\nWell, yes, with such a small group, it is difficult to maintain representativeness. We ask about this because in our opinion, the introduction of pro-employee legal solutions alone will not change much. Take a look: Glovo currently offers a rate of PLN 6 per hour (see the Statement of the Employee Initiative of Couriers on negotiations with Glovo), Uber offers a rate of around PLN 12 per hour (the latest entry dostawca-jedzenia.pl). And it seems to us that no one notices this. This dramatically low level of wages. Or maybe we are wrong? What do you think about it?\r\n<\/strong>The role of politicians and regulators is to ensure that platforms comply with minimum standards, such as at least a minimum hourly rate, which is much higher than the rates you are describing. In addition to the minimum standards, there are also standards expected by couriers and drivers. And this is where the issue of self-organization of people working on platforms comes into play, related to the possibility of unionization, which is currently difficult due to the fleet partner system. Putting pressure on platforms by couriers and drivers would be easier if platforms had to enter into contracts directly with them.\r\n\r\nThank you again for your time, and for preparing the Report<\/strong>\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\nYou can find the entire report here<\/a><\/em>","_en_post_name":"platform-ranking-in-poland-talking-with-the-authors","_en_post_excerpt":"","_en_post_title":"PLATFORM RANKING IN POLAND - TALKING WITH THE AUTHORS","_ru_post_content":"\u0427\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043d\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0432 Platform Ranking \u0432 \u041f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0443\u0435\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0435 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044c\u044e \u0441 \u041a\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0435\u043c \u041c\u0443\u0448\u0438\u043d\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0417\u0443\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043a. \u041e\u043d\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0430\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 Fairwork \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u0441\u043e \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0442 \u0420\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433.<\/em>\r\n\r\n\u0421\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0431\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f. \u0421\u043a\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0442\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0431\u044b\u043b \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u043d \u0432\u0430\u0448 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442? \u0412 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0438\u043e\u0434?<\/strong>\r\n\u041c\u044b \u0441\u043e\u0431\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044c\u044e \u0441 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0432\u0448\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0441 \u043e\u043a\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2023 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u044e\u043d\u044c 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430. \u041e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u043c\u044b \u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c 2024 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0430 \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0434 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u043c (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043a\u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u044d\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 Fairwork, \u043e\u0431\u0437\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0442. \u0434.). ). \u0422\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u043e\u0431\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u0441 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u0430\u043b\u0441\u044f.\r\n\r\n\u0410 \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e Uber \u0438 UberEats \u2014 \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b? Bolt \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0438 (\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430).<\/strong>\r\n\u041f\u043e \u0434\u0432\u0443\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c. \u0412\u043e-\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0432\u044b\u0445, \u0443 Uber \u0438 Uber Eats \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0426\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e Fairwork, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e, \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u043e \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433\u0438. \u0412\u043e-\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445, \u0445\u043e\u0442\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0441 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043c \u0436\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0437\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443, \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044f\u043c, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445 (\u0447\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0441 Lex Uber, \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u044f \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f , \u0438 \u0442. \u0434.). \u0412 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0441 Bolt \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0441 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0435, \u0430 \u0432 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0430\u0435 \u0441 Uber \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0441 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u044c\u043c\u0438, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0432 \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0436\u0438\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0435 (\u00ab\u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439\u00bb Uber), \u0442\u0430\u043a \u0438 \u0432 \u0441\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0435\u0434\u044b (Uber Eats).\r\n\r\n\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f, \u0440\u0435\u0437\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u043d\u0435\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u0434\u0438\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0438. Pyszne.pl \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u043b\u044b. \u041d\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0440\u0435\u0439\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c (Bolt, Freenow, Uber, UberEats), \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0440\u043a\u043e\u043c?<\/strong>\r\n\u042d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u044d\u0442\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u043e\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0438\u0437 \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b.\r\n\r\n\u0412 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044b \u0447\u0435\u0442\u043a\u043e \u0443\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435, \u0447\u0442\u043e 1\/5 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043a\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e-\u043b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430: \u043d\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430, \u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u044b. \u041a\u0430\u043a \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e? \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442?<\/strong>\r\n\u041c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u0434 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043c\u00bb. \u0422\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043d\u0443\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0436\u0435 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0432\u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0443\u0447\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0438.\r\n\r\n\u041d\u0443 \u0434\u0430, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0441 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441: \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0449\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0430\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442? \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u043e\u0442\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442: \u043d\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e. \u041d\u0443, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b. \u041d\u043e \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0434\u043e \u0430\u0431\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0434\u0430. \u0422\u0430\u043a \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c, \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0445\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438? \u0418\u043b\u0438, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0449\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0446\u0438\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0439, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0443 \u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0433\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0432\u043c\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f? \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435?<\/strong>\r\n\u042d\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0435 \u0442\u0438\u043f\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u044b\u043d\u043a\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u00ab\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f\u00bb \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043b\u0438\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u043d\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0437\u0430 \u0441\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0439, \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d. \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0448\u043b\u043e \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u0435\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u0430\u0434 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432. \u041f\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u0443 \u0438\u0445 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c \u2013 PIP \u0438 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u044b \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0436\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043a-\u0442\u043e \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0430\u0433\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438. \u0413\u043e\u0434 \u0437\u0430 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0435\u043c\u043b\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0438, \u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u2013 \u0441\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u0444\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u043e\u0446\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c. \u0421\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044f \u0442\u043e \u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0432 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0434\u044b, \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b. \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u2013 \u043e\u0442\u0441\u0443\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u043e\u043b\u0438 \u043a \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b, \u0434\u044b\u0440\u044f\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u044b, \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0432\u043e\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0437\u0435\u0439\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u044b. \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0447\u043d\u043e, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0442 \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0449\u0435, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u044c \u0438\u0434\u0435\u0442 \u043e \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0441 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u0441\u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 (\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043c\u0438\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432).\r\n\r\n\u0412 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432\u044b \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u0438\u043d\u044b \u00ab\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u00bb, \u00ab\u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u00bb, \u00ab\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0432 \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438\u00bb. \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b \u0438\u043c\u0435\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0443, \u043a\u043e\u0433\u0434\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u043e \u00ab\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439\u00bb?<\/strong>\r\n\u041f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b, \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u044f \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043a \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442 \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0439 \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044c\u043c\u0430 \u00ab\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439\u00bb \u0438\u0433\u0440\u044b. \u041c\u044b \u043f\u043e\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0445\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0443 \u0432 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c\/\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043c \u0438 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0439. \u0414\u043e\u043f\u0443\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043a\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0435\u0432 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u044b \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043b\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u043d\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0441\u0430 \u043b\u0438\u0446\u0430, \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443.\r\n\r\n\u0422\u043e \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c, \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043b\u0438 \u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435, \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0410\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c-\u0420\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430? \u0427\u0442\u043e, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043e\u043d \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0435 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0435?<\/strong>\r\n\u00ab\u0410\u043b\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043c\u044b\u00bb \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0431\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u044a\u044f\u0441\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c \u0441\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0431\u044b\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0435 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0432 \u043a\u0430\u0447\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0435 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0433\u0438\u0438. \u041d\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0438\u043d, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u043c \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c, \u0432\u043e\u0448\u0435\u0434\u0448\u0438\u043c \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043a \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0435, \u043d\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u043b\u0430 \u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0430, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043a\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u200b\u200b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0443\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430 \u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.\r\n\r\n\u0412\u044b \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438, \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0438 \u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u043e \u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u043d\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0442?<\/strong>\r\n\u041c\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u043e \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0435 \u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u043c \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438, \u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448 \u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043c\u044b \u043d\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c, \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0441 \u0442\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u043a\u0430\u0436\u0434\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u043c\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0441\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u0438 \u0441 6-10 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043d\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438, \u0438 \u0446\u0435\u043b\u044c\u044e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u044c \u043d\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0435\u0441\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b, \u0430 \u043d\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043d\u0435\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f (\u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0435\u0431\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0437\u0434\u043e \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0430\u044f \u0432\u044b\u0431\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0438\u043f \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f).\r\n\r\n\u0427\u0442\u043e \u0436, \u0441 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u043b\u0435\u043d\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0440\u0435\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u043c. \u041c\u044b \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0448\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c, \u043f\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0447\u0442\u043e, \u043f\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0448\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u0437\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0442\u0443 \u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u043c\u0430\u043b\u043e \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442. \u0421\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435: \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f Glovo \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444 6 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441 (\u0441\u043c. \u0417\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0418\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u044b \u043a\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u0441 Glovo), Uber \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0444 \u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e 12 \u0437\u043b\u043e\u0442\u044b\u0445 \u0432 \u0447\u0430\u0441 (\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u044c \u043d\u0430 dostawca-jeczenia.pl). \u0418 \u043c\u044b \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u044d\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0438\u043a\u0442\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442. \u042d\u0442\u043e \u043a\u0430\u0442\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0438\u0437\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0410 \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c, \u043c\u044b \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u0430\u0435\u043c\u0441\u044f? \u0427\u0442\u043e \u0432\u044b \u043e\u0431 \u044d\u0442\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0443\u043c\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0435?\r\n<\/strong>\u0420\u043e\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0442\u043e\u043c, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044c \u0441\u043e\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0445, \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043a, \u043f\u043e \u043a\u0440\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435, \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043e\u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430, \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u044f \u043d\u0430\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043a, \u043e \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0445 \u0432\u044b \u043f\u0438\u0448\u0435\u0442\u0435. \u041e\u0434\u043d\u0430\u043a\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0438\u043c\u043e \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0443\u0449\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0442 \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b, \u043e\u0436\u0438\u0434\u0430\u0435\u043c\u044b\u0435 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439. \u0417\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0432 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u0443 \u0432\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0443 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b, \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0441 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u044b, \u0447\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043f\u044f\u0442\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430. \u041a\u0443\u0440\u044c\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c \u0438 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c \u0431\u044b\u043b\u043e \u0431\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0435 \u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0434\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u044b, \u0435\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u044b \u043f\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u043c \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0441\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0441 \u043d\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u0443\u044e.\r\n\r\n\u0415\u0449\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437 \u0431\u043b\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0438\u043c \u0432\u0430\u0441 \u0437\u0430 \u0443\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0433\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0443 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442\u0430.\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\n\u041f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0442 \u0432\u044b \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0438 \u0437\u0434\u0435\u0441\u044c<\/a>","_ru_post_name":"%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b9%d1%82%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b3-%d0%bf%d0%bb%d0%b0%d1%82%d1%84%d0%be%d1%80%d0%bc%d1%8b-%d0%b2-%d0%bf%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%88%d0%b5-%d0%be%d0%b1%d1%89%d0%b0%d0%b5%d0%bc-%d1%81","_ru_post_excerpt":"","_ru_post_title":"\u0420\u0415\u0419\u0422\u0418\u041d\u0413 \u041f\u041b\u0410\u0422\u0424\u041e\u0420\u041c\u042b \u0412 \u041f\u041e\u041b\u042c\u0428\u0415 \u2013 \u041e\u0411\u0429\u0410\u0415\u041c \u0421 \u0410\u0412\u0422\u041e\u0420\u0410\u041c\u0418","edit_language":"en","footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1330","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-aktualnosci"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zentrale.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1330","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zentrale.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zentrale.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zentrale.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zentrale.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1330"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/zentrale.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1330\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1332,"href":"https:\/\/zentrale.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1330\/revisions\/1332"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zentrale.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1331"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zentrale.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1330"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zentrale.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1330"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zentrale.pl\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1330"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}